Elements in Designing Public Spaces

Elements in Designing Public Spaces Introduction: Now a days more attention is given on to the human dimension in the city planning and the need for quality in the public spaces. Importance of public spaces is universally accepted by one and all. The question is what makes public space more successful? The designer is trying to give best model of good public spaces. However we find that many times well designed public space also doesnt generate good public response. In this essay an attempt is made to study a place evolved organic growth through accumulation and flourishes of public at large design public space to know which place is more successful. Question: What makes a successful public space? Have people who use it had any role to play in making it a successful? What role a designer can play in making a space successful? Public space defined: If one has to define public space in one liner, it means space for public at large.According to public space book, public zrealm includes all the space accessible to and used by people (p.111).So we can say it is a space which is made for people and it is made by people. As Loukaitou sideris and Banerjee (1998, p.175) observe: public life involves relatively open and universal social contexts, in contrast to private life, which is intimate, familiar, shielded, controlled by the individual, and shared only with family and friends. Public space is the place where one likes to spend more time not doing anything special and enjoy surroundings. This can be libraries, community centers, streets, plaza and parks. The dimensions of public space are physical and social. (p.109) Physical means space- which occur social activities. These spaces may be or may not be privately owned. For example hospitals, theaters etc are privately owned public space. The public space can be external or internal and it might be quasi external and internal space. (p.111) William White (1980) in his study in New York gave more emphasis on small scale open spaces in towns, squares, piazzas, plazas, pocket parks and street as the important public space, which are external public spaces. Primitive man moved from place to place in search for food and shelter. Agriculture helped him to settle at place for security and protection. Family life and sense of ownership were the important factor which weighed with him for the establishment of settlement. Communal living gave rise to social interaction. He then stated exchanging goods and services with others in the community for his personal and family need and here started business and commerce. Good and bad events in the community brought inmates closer and this is how, a life outside the private house originated. Initially no particular space was identified as public space. Shady place under the tree on the outskirt of a village or habitat served the purpose. Common well near the village, lake side land, riverbank or the market place was the place where people of all walks of life gathered and discussed their serious and non serious issues. Still in villages people use to gather at the Chauraha of the village. Chauraha is the space where the community meeting takes place in village. It might be under tree or open space at the junction of street. Here they did their routine activity, enjoyed the community life. This was the most primitive public space created by the people without any deliberation or active participation. Market places, squares, plazas and gardens are the extended versions of such places by evolution. All these places have grown organically by evolution. The man is the most inquisitive and innovative creature on earth. He has the ability to think, evaluate, accept the good and forego the bad. These mental faculties have made it possible for a man to improve by evolution. The change may not seem in a short time, in the longer run, the change is substantial. By evolutionary process man has tried to make his habitat more and more suited. Man has improvised his society by accumulation, adaptations and additions. Henry Sheftoe has raised a question can we design such places at the drawing board? Critics of formal architecture and planning such as Bernard Rudofsky (Architecture without Architects) and Christopher Alexander (The Timeless Way of Building, A Pattern Language) suggest that we are better of growing good places and spaces, rather than trying to build them from a blueprint. Henry Sheftoe has said I think we have a lot to learn about how plans and natural environments grow, evolve and adapt to local circumstances and then to mirror this in the development of the built environment. What do we mean by a city or town? Is it just a place of land where houses have been built for human settlement? Or it is a living organism of people staying there. If one knows the basic different between house and home, he will appreciate this important difference. A building may be just a structure of four walls and roof for an outsider but for a person residing there is more than that because he is attached to the same sentimentally. This sense of attachment to a public place works at macro level. Therefore, when we talk of evolved public space, they are the places created be people for themselves to suit their taste, culture and tradition. The city is discussed in barren eviscerated terms and in technical jargon by urban professional as if it were lifeless, detached being. In fact it is a sensory, emotional, lived experience. (Landry 2006,p.2). When a city or town is to be planned from the scratch, the designer can defiantly give his best with the help of his design input. He provides for the well designed public spaces for the common use and the same will be used by people who will stay there. But this is not the easy case every time. How well the people will accept a public space if it is designed without taking in to account their taste and needs? It may fail through it may be the most ideal design situation. Sennet (1973) in his critical statement said they have failed, not for lack of technical expertise, but because they have lot had the power to be adaptive over the course of time p100. Barnad (1994) in his account of How Building Learn suggested that good architecture is nor necessarily produced by design specialists but by the spontaneous and continuous activity of the people. Christopher Alexander asks why our modern cities so often lack a sense of natural growth, and goes on to suggest a set of rules and guidelines by which we can inject that organic character back into our high streets, buildings and squares. People who stay at a place, have by their long association to the place and style of living, developed an affinity towards the same and material change in that space will never be accepted by them. Spaces are for people to suit the designed place. Such attempts will arouse condemnation from the people and will result in failure of the space to serve the purpose. One can treat the body but not the soul. What is successful public space?: Successful public space are the place which is universally accepted by the community, where one can see and enjoy multiple activity and accessible by all kinds of member of society from children to aged. According to Francis Tibbalds, successful public spaces consist of rich, vibrant, mixed use environment that does not die at night or at the weekends and is visually stimulating and attractive to residents and visitors alike. Successful public spaces contain overlapping use of different activity and where person can join and participate without any hesitation. It must be a safe place. This is the place where society like to meet daily and enjoy the pollution free atmosphere. Henry Sheftoe has used word convivial for a successful public space. He says convivial is defined in dictionaries as festive, sociable, jovial and fond of merry- making; usually referring to people, but it can equally apply to a situation. He says without such convivial spaces, cities, towns and villages would be mere accretions of buildings with no deliberate opportunities for casual encounters and positive interactions between friends or strangers. How to evaluate public space? Despite the fact that the public space is important for good urban living, question still remains, what places are good or bad. Evolution of public space is a subjective issue and decisions may vary from person to person. Here we are not concerned with the decision form the designers point of view, but only from the point of vew of an individual common man on the street. Experts in the subjects have given different parameters for evaluating the success of a public space. However project for public space have after many case studies and surveys propounded four important parameters and they are access and linkages, comfort and image, user and activities, sociability. All other parameters given by others are more or less covered within the sweep of the aforesaid four issues. Therefore in this essay, success of the public spaces is examined by applying these four parameters only. Accessibility is most important factor which affects the willingness of the users. People are ready and willi ng if the space is nearby, in the neighborhood or approachable easily. Comfort and images decides the attraction of people. According to book Image of the City (Lynch, p.9), the quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability to evoking a strong image in any given observer. Good comfort of space also create good image on the mind. Comfort is the abstract perception in the minds of the user and good seating, lighting, mobility, traffic free environment are the physical criteria. People coming to certain public space have different reasons to come and therefore multiple activity options on the space make it more convivial. Mixed used activities generate maximum public response. If space is used by only one type of users, other users may not find place interesting. Space must provide welcoming environment to all the residents at all the time. Activities in short are the reasons to visit the place, they will interact and communicate with each other. They will love the company and will have sympathy for others. Tolerance, compassion and love are the natural fallout of a good public space. Why Banaras Ghats and Pershing park? Case study of ghat in Banaras as evolved public space: Banaras is perhaps the oldest living city in the world. It is said that (singh, 1993) city has been lived since 4th century. According to Mark Twain (1898) Banaras is older than history, older than tradition, older than legend and looks twice as old as all of them together. It is situated on the bank of holy river Ganga. According to author P. B. Singh (1993), From the ages this river front of Ganga is used by people of India as a place for performing rituals and holistic activity from birth to death. Visitor from all over the world make a point to visit Banaras either to perform Hindu rituals or be witness to them. River bank of Ganga and especially the Ghats has been acclaimed as public places and their existence since time immemorial does make it evolved public place. It is a classical example of evolved public place. According to the Merriam Websters online dictionary (2009) Ghat means A broad flight of steps that is situated on an Indian riverbank and that provides access to the water especially for bathing. Banaras is bound on the east by river Ganga which flows from north to south and while bending continuously makes a beautiful crescent like riverfront. The left bank is flanked by city while right bank is plain and undeveloped. The right bank lands are reserved for agriculture and no construction is permissible. People of Banaras are strongly related to river. The river nurtures their life. It is respected mother like. All the people living there regularly visit the ghat for bathing and routine. Earlier the ghats were muddy platforms to sit near the river. However by evolution the muddy platforms are regenerated as stepped ghats. Most of these ghats have been improved during the 17th and 18th centuries. (Singh, 1993). High contours and different water levels in the river during different seasons, the stepped embankment -ghat is perhaps the best type of river front. There are almost 84 ghats along the river in span of 5 kms. However study is confined to Dasashvamedh ghat, Darbhanga ghat, Munshi ghat, Ahilyabai Ghat. Accessibility and linkage to the edge of the river (Ghat): Study area Ghats are interconnected with each other and one can walk from one to other easily. Access to the ghat is little bit mysterious and confusing. But in plan, one can observe that all roads in the city directly lead to the ghats. Ghats are connected with two types of street. Dasashvamedh road is the Commercial Street and main approach for visitors. Other streets are Secondary Street and connect internal part of the city to the ghats. Other clear accessibility to the ghats is from the river, which is very clear and inviting. Transit points are the main bazaar street. Ghat is accessible on foot and by the boat from the river. The overall experience from city to the Dasashvamedh Ghat: From city to the Ghat is a human scale. Person cant perceive the Ghat while moving from the street. River is not visible from the inner parts of the town. Arrival to the Ghats is quite surprising. Organic development of the building on the edge of river diverts the users movement towards Ghat at certain angle and cut the vision from the distance. The experience from Dasashvamedh Ghat to the city: This experience is quite opposite to one stated above. At the ghat edge buildings are monument scale, which create image of the city from the river and image of skyline gives clear interpretation of activity on the edge. From the ghat one can observe whole city skyline because of the topography of the city. This scale slowly disappears while moving towheads the city. Dasashvamedh road: Dasashvamedh road is a main connection between Kashi Vishvanath temple and the Dasashvamedh Ghat. The whole street contains commercial life and full of mix use character houses. Surprisingly street has two way roads with divider at the center but does not give access to cars. Only two wheelers can pass on this road. The flow of people on this route is so high and black head crowd leads everyone towards the Ghat. At the junction of the Ghat street goes down in slope. Secondary Streets: These streets connect Munshi Ghat, Darbhanda Ghat and Ahilyabai ghat which are mainly attached with residential area. These streets are quite narrow and flanked by row of 3 to 4 storied residential houses with small shops on the ground floor. Street creates shadow on the road all the time which gives good comfort all the time of the day to user. Cows and dogs also stroll in these narrow streets and pedestrian found comfortable. Dark street have over looking spaces from the houses create secure and safe walk for users. At the junction of Chaustti Bazaar streets widen up and that generate community activity with the help of Chaurah (cross road) and temple or shrine. Here edges are the mediator who play major role to generate public spaces at the certain intervals. Accessibility to the Ghats is crowded and appears mess to a designer. On the linkage of the ghat and street, small temples and stalls which make it porous and active in nature. Crowd on such points make the movement on foot also difficult. Edge of the Ghat: Edge of the Darbhanga Ghat and Munshi Ghat are quite dead because of the fort wall but still we can observe activities there. On Dasashvamedh Ghat, shops and temples make edge quite porous and live. Comfort and Image: Ghats have its own individuality on the bank of rive Ganga. Here we can really appreciate what Kevin Lynch thought about the city image (1981, p.1 ) At every instant, there is more than eye can see, more than ear can hear, sitting or a view waiting to be explored. According to Rishma Parikh (2000, p.39) the nature of the placeis sensorial as well as physical. Both, physical environment and the manners of its consumption are responsible for an image. Ghats are very unique in nature. The steps on the contour make it full of life and activities. One can notice that number of people, mostly tourist are busy with cameras taking photograph. But those busy in their routine activities of bathing, praying, performing rituals are unperturbed. The space is full of people from all walks of life. The stone steps provide sitting for people as well as provide accessibility to river. Here Ghats face east direction so direct sun light will be there in the morning hours but in let afternoon and evening hours, monumental scale edge gives shadow on the steps. People use umbrella to gain shadow in the morning hours on the platform of the ghat. At places, bottom of the trees is converted into platform to sit. Here at the Dasashvamedh Ghat we can see police station but still safety is the issue because of the overcrowding. The buildings on the steps create overlooking spaces, which help to reduce issues of safety. City of Banaras is very congested in nature. But as one enters the Ghat, one can feel openness and freedom of space, which is the main attraction for the people to come at ghat. Uses and activity: The Ghats generate very strong religious bond because of devotees holding central activity power. All ghats are used for ritual activities. In the morning people gather here for bathing and Puja, in the afternoon people are busy doing rituals and evening hours see people attending Arati (offering with lighted lamps) and Puja. They take bath in the river. In the afternoon time we can see the people doing different ritual activity behind the death of the people. Apart from the rituals we can see children playing on the platform of the Ghats. Visitors are roaming around and taking photos. Even these activities are also daily on the Ghats. In the special occasions the Ghats used as Emphi Theater, where different live concerts are arranged. On festival days, special Arati is done. Ghats have multi layer activity throughout the day. On the edge of the Dasashvamedh Ghat we can find small temples which conduct religious discourses. The small stalls around the Ghats sell many items which attract not only the local public but also the tourist alike. Small idols, flower, scented sticks etc. Even visitor can take a ride in the bat during the day and night time full moon boat ride is very famous to enjoy the river. This is perhaps the best place where one can see culture and tradition of India. It is India in small scale. Sociability: Sociability of the place is clearly seen. Activities here bring the people together. Devotees and priest sit together and have rituals, which is the back bone activity on the ghat. We find people of all walks of life from beggars to businessman freely interacting with each other. Rich give aims to poor. Bhandaras are the special events on festival days. This is the best example of community participation on the ghat. Even one can observe animals like, cow, goat and man/woman sitting together very comfortably. Visitors and even foreign tourist are seen involved in local activities. Barber shop, tea stalls, palmist, horoscope reader, singer, musician and serpent are commonly seen here and people enjoy their presence and company. Ghats are the best example of socialization between people of different culture and tradition. Space around the Ghats is quite messy and dirty but it doesnt dissuade public to going there. All big events in the town are held here. The Ghats not only have religious importance but are the life line of the people of neighborhood. Kumar says about people of Banaras in her article, their bowels would simply not move in closed spaces, nor would they consider themselves clean from bathing under tap, which shows social attachment of people to the space. Take away ghat from Banaras and it would be lifeless. Ghats are the best examples of democratic places. Neelakshi Joshi has rightly said, the ghat is thus the common bath, the largest open space, meditation center and the biggest pub in town for culture and social encounter and has been so far centuries untold. The ghats of Banaras stand as inspiration for bringing together all men-painters, ascetics, beggars, washer men and kings to the same platform. Natures bounty is not considered the prerogative of the man who can afford the property by the river. It is rather a thing of joy for all to be enjoyed together. Case study of Pershing Square: Site is situated in Los Angeles. City has storing grid pattern and this park is fitted in block size of the grid. This park was designed 1866 and number of time it was redesigned. The study is based on the last design which is done in 1994 by Ricardo Legoretta and Laurie Olin. Before in 1866 it was a formal Spanish plaza and then it was reinvented in 1911, 1928, 1950 and 1994. The number of redesigning of plaza shows transformation of the city from time to time. It is suggestive of the lack of community connection. If local people are attached to a place, they would have stuck to basic form of the space. In 1951 government rebuilt the area and proposed underground parking with the reason to reduce car congestion of the area. Accessibility and image to the park: The Pershing square is an island having road grid on all four sides. The streets which are adjacent to the square are south Olive Street, West 5th and 6th lane and south hill street. Park is accessible from all roads. Streets act as a divider between edge of adjacent building and park. Buildings around the streets are like west 6th lane, South Olive and Hill Street. Have activates like dominos pizza, restaurants, cafà ©, hotels, offices and international jewelry center. This street faà §ade seems very active and porous in nature. The West 5th street faà §ade is little dead and have parking lot as well. Traffic on this street in day time is quite high. People use this street as a pathway to go from one place to another. People do not linger here on this space for long time. At the edge of the square have entry for the underground parking. It has different color wall on the edge, which distract the vision of people. One can find public transport at the edge of the park. On all stree ts, bus stop to access the park. Pershing square metro station is located nearby at five minutes walk. Comfort and image to the park: At the first glance of the parks modern architecture generate good impression on the mind. Usage of the bright color creates aesthetic excitement. Even good use of architectural elements can be seen inside the park. Park has good comfortable arrangement of seating. Pam tree in the park give better shadow and give proper comfortable area to stand. The steps around the water body give comfortable sitting to the user. Usage and activity at the park: The park has scientific architectural elements like solar system waterfall, several constellation maps on floor, telescopes. But this element does not generate activates. At lunch time, people serving in nearby places come here to take their lunch. Most of the time the park is sterile. The development authority conduct good events on the park to attract people like ice scatting, musical evenings etc. but after the activity park seem dead. Park is used only by homeless people. Sociability: The development authority designed it to make a social and democratic space. But it has not come up as such. It has miserable failed to serve is purpose. Analysis: Case study shows that ghats are conveniently located on bank of River Ganga. The river runs north to south and city has organically grown along the river. All the roads lead us to Ghat and accessibility is good form proximity point of view. However city is congested. Roads are narrow and mess. Ghats remain crowded all the time and movement is not comfortable. Cleanliness is another negative factor. However from the point of varied of activities, it is a successful place in as much as the place is bubbling with varied activities throughout the day. Socialization is utmost on this space. If the success of the ghat is to be evaluated y applying parameters suggested by the Project for Public Space, the rating would be poor. However, clumsy accessibility and poor comfort level do not deter the people from socializing on this space. The reverence, people of Banaras has shown is enormous to river Ganga. River Ganga is the life line of people o Banaras and Ghats are the organs without which life at Banaras cannot be thought of. Social attachment of the people of Banaras to river Ganga is is enormous and that has made the ghats a great success despite all odds in terms of good design elements. Ghats are present day riverfronts. However, care has been taken by those who developed ghats on river to ensure that the river is not canalized by embankments as we see at other places. The crescent shaped curve of the river is also well maintained showing their respect for the river. Ghats are perhaps the best example of evolved places. Second case study of Pershing Square Park gives an opposite proposition. Accessibility to park is good. Comfort level and image of the place is also good. Aesthetic design of the park should normally arouse public response. The development authorities have inserted all good design elements to make the park success. However we find that public participation at the place is very poor. The park has failed to achieve its objective. Either people are not interested in the activities it offers or the people have no attachment with the space. The combined study of the two places leads us to conclude that over and above the four parameters suggested by Project for Public Space, there is one more factor which is vital to make a public space convivial and it is -emotional attachment of people to its place. Presence of this factor alone can make a space successful even if no some other counts it may not be convivial. Emotions emanate from long unbroken social and cultural bond. People make places by their accumulations of adaptations and additions. Designer can certainly give his inputs on first three counts of accessibility, comfort and activities but he is helpless on the last parameter in as much as he can solicit public response. He cant make people use this space. Public sentiments are the most vital issue which makes the place successful. Without public response, the space will be sterile and miserably fail to achieve its true objective. The authorities, therefore, should concentrate more on improving evolved public spa ces by increasing the accessibility and comfort level and by providing diverse mix use activities. Evolved public spaces can be made more convivial with little work in this direction. Findings: People make places. Unless the space stimulates the overwhelmed response from one and all, the public space meat for them cannot become successful. The public spaces evolved by accumulation of adaptations and additions by users themselves are more convivial and people regularly use such places though they are not encouraging from the designers point of view. The success of particular public spaces is not in the hands of the designer. His best design model can fail if people do not respond favorably. Design exercise fails if it does not uphold the sentiments of the people using them. Evolved public space can be easily made more comfortable and lively by the efforts of the designer who keeps in mind the sentiments of the users.

ABC Chemicals Essay

After reading the scenario about ABC Chemicals it was obvious that there were several apparent hazards and risks that I identified which needed to be assessed and either eliminated or controlled. These can be achieved using different Legislative measures and Codes Of Practice(COP) which is relevant to their Industry. By Looking further into the chemicals that ABC handle we can assess the presentable hazards Solvent: most solvents are either flammable or highly flammable, this is dependent on their volatility. When a mixture of vapour and air combine there is a possibility of an explosion. The vapours from solvent is denser that air, it sinks to the bottom of the container. Vapours can still be found in empty containers and pose threat of possible fire, hence empty containers should be stored open and upside down. There are many potential health risks caused by solvent including toxicity to the nervous system, liver and kidney damage, respiratory issues to name a few. It burns with an invisible flame making it harder to extinguish. Corrosives – corrosives have the ability to destroy other substances when in contact. It causes chemical burn when in contact. PPE should be worn including Gloves, Safety Goggles, Protective Apron, Safety Shoes, and a Face Guard. Workers should always consult a SDS relating to the corrosive substance prior to use. Corrosive substances and mixtures [class 8 dangerous goods] can be either alkaline or acidic and these two categories are incompatible. Risks associated with storage and handling of corrosive substances and mixtures can be eliminated or minimised by observing the guidance on Worksafe Australia â€Å"National Code of Practice for the Storage and Handling of Workplace Dangerous Goods† Eyewash and safety showers should be readily accessible where corrosives are handled or transferred. Acid – acid comes in as a water treatment chemical. It should not be stored with detergents or solutions. Acids should never be stored with alkaline chemicals due to the potential for harmful reactions. Some reactions of acids and alkaline chemicals can be highly exothermic and rapidly generate large amounts of gas, causing an explosion risk. Chemicals such as acids can cause respiratory illnesses, cancers or dermatitis. WHS Regulation 2011 (357 containing and managing spills) (359 Fire control) (360-362 Emergency Equipment, Emergency Plans, Safety Equipment) (363-control of risks from storage or handling systems & regulation) (331 – SDS’s) (60- managing risks to health and safety) manual handling The WHS Act provides a framework to protect the Health, safety and welfare of all workers at work and that of people who may be affected by the work carried out. The WHS Act aims to *Protect the health and safety of workers and other people by eliminating or minimising risks arising from work or workplaces *Ensure fair and effective representation, consultation and cooperation to address and resolve any health and safety issues in the workplace *Encourage employer organisations and workers Unions to take a constructive role in improving work health and safety practices *Assisting businesses and workers to achieve a healthier and safer working environment *Promote information, education and training on work health and safety *Provide effective compliance and enforcement measures, and *Deliver continuous improvement and progressively higher standards of work health Worksafe Australia has devised the National Model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations. A new system of Chemical Classification and Hazard communication on Labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS’s) based on globally Harmonised system of Classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS) will come into affect. There will be a five (5) year transitional period for moving to the new GHS based system, this will allow the two different systems to be used together . After 31 December 2016, (the end of the 5 year period) all workplace chemicals must be classified using the GHS system, Labels and safety data sheets (SDS) must also be updated.. The WHS Regulations include duties for a Person conducting or Undertaking a business to manage any risk to Health and safety that can be caused from the Handling, Storing and Generating of Hazardous chemicals in the workplace. These Duties include tasks such as, but not limited to: *The correct labelling of Containers *Displaying Safety Signs *Maintaining a Register And Manifest (if relevant) Of the hazardous Chemicals and providing Notifications to the Regulator of the Manifest Quantities *Ensuring that exposure standards are not exceeded. *the provision of Training, information, instruction and supervision to all employees *identifying risk of physical/chemical reaction of hazardous chemicals and to ensure the stability of these chemicals *provision of spill containment system for hazardous chemicals if needed *obtaining up to date Safety Data Sheets (SDS) from the manufacturer, importer, supplier of that chemical. *Controlling ignition sources and accumulation of flammable and combustible substances. *Provision and availability of fire protection, fire fighting equipment and emergency/safety equipment. *preparing an emergency plan if the amount of a hazardous class chemical exceeds the manifest quantity for the chemical *Ensure the stability & support containers for bulk hazardous chemicals including Pipe-work and any attachments. *De-commisioning of underground storage and handling system *Notifying the regulator as soon as possible of any abandoned tanks More information regarding Hazards and risks associated with the use, generating, storing and handling of a hazardous chemical can be obtained from the following resources -incident reports -Australian Code for â€Å"Transport of Dangerous Good by Road & Rail† -National Industrial Chemical Substances Information System (NICNAS) – The Regulatory Authorities -WHS Consultant -Trade unions -Employer Associations -By Searching the internet, such as Safework Australia, the Australian Government webpages as well as many other sites relevant to your industry. Hazards *When spillage occurred, it states that it was cleaned up with a rag then dumped into a general waste dumpster which was emptied on a weekly basis. The disposal of these rags in the general dumpster poses a major risk of  cross contamination with other rags that have had been used with other chemical/substances, which could lead to a toxic/hazardous situation, the production of toxic gases and the potential of a fire hazard. There is also no mention of any PPE being used during the handling of the chemicals either * Chemical storage: there are several different types of chemicals stored at the facility, there is a risk if stored together that they can cause either a chemical or physical risk, *Another hazard I noted was that ABC chemical’s building only had a limited amount of emergency equipment, with the amount of employees working for ABC this definitely causes a hazard, there obviously is not enough equipment available to accommodate more than a handful of workers. The company could end up in legal strife for not supplying the correct amount of Emergency Equipment as set out in the WHS Regulation 2011 *Manual Handling Hazard – the drums are 205 Ltrs, they are then decanted into containers approximately 30 ltrs/Kilo ,there is no mention of appropriate equipment to move these containers. *The Storing the empty drums in the rear of the yard against a cyclone fence, these drums are sitting for a whole month before being removed. Even though these drums are presumably empty, drums that have had solvent in them, unless stored open and upside down pose a major risk of explosion causing fire, with an un-kept paddock directly behind the fence where these drums are stored there is the potential for the fire to spread causing damage and risk to the public also. *The lack of employee training in relation to Safe Handling Of Chemicals (hazardous substances) or how to deal with Emergencies. . No employee’s have be appointed as safety officers (section 19 of the Act), if there was an incident there would be no clear direction to follow.. *Location: There is risk to not only to employees of ABC there is also risk to all at the childcare centre, the nursing home, as well as the general public with the building being located on a busy street which is prone to accidents. *Lack of Emergency plan displayed. No emergency plan displayed to direct people when there is an incident These risks can be assessed by several means such as SDS (Safety Data Sheets), independent Audit, Employee participation, hazard studies. Level of risk and Control Small chemical spills:- (dependent on the severity)- first aid injury is likely due to chemical burn(dependent on skin sensitivity, injury could range from minor-major) High Risk- Have a separate area for decanting each separate chemical. Provide spill containment system, Provide appropriate training in the control of spills, Develop procedure for the control of spills Provide appropriate PPE for each specific chemical Disposal of Chemical Rags: minor – fatal injuries is very likely from this dangerous practice which is exposing the risk to the disposal company staff and driver Extreme risk- Notify Supervisor/ HSR- Provide spill containment system, Provide controlled waste system, – have a separate waste area for specific chemicals. Set up a controlled collection of waste Staff Lacking Training in handling chemicals – minor – fatality possible Extreme risk-Immediate action required, notify supervisor/HSR. | Adopt a training plan to up skill the workforce in line with legislative requirements. Ensure the training covers areas such as * How to understand SDS Data Sheets * Personal Safety * Emergency procedures * Induction training & Ongoing training Limited Emergency Equipment – major injury is very likely through to fatality Extreme risk- immediate action required, notify supervisor/HSR. Undertake risk assessment with workers and emergency services to determine all main risks. Review SDS to identify risks Implement additional emergency equipment as required, an example of such equipment could be : * Spill containment systems * Emergency showers and eye wash stations * Monitors and alarms *Fire fighting equipment Storage of chemical drums – Major- fatality Extreme risk- separation of the different chemicals in storage areas to minimise the risk of interaction. Ensure the clear displaying of SDS information for each of chemicals Storage of empty chemical drums- Major – Fatality Extreme Risk- Organise that the collection of empty drums are done more frequently (eg: Weekly) Ensure Solvent drums are turned upside down with lid open to reduce risk of gas build up. Ensure each chemicals drums are stored separate to each other to minimise interaction Lack of emergency Plan displayed- Minor- Fatality Extreme risk- consultation within the workplace, and surrounding Businesses. Develop a emergency plan including things such as – evacuation procedures – Notification Procedures ( advising emergency services – medical treatment – Communication procedures between co-ordinater of the emergency response and everyone at the workplace. The plan is to be explained to all existing staff, and included in inductions for future staff. The plan needs to be displayed in a location that is accessible to all staff of the workplace. The plan will be reviewed at acceptable intervals no more than 5yrs to ensure its effectiveness or when there is a change warranting an update. Manual Handling- Minor- Major There is no mention of Lifting devices meaning injury is then Extreme Risk. Ensure adequate training of workers in regard to proper Manual handling. Ensure there is appropriate lifting devices for employees to use to minimise the risk of injury Location- Minor – Fatality. Due to proximity to day-care and nursing home and the fact it is on a busy rd which is prone to accidents there is a Extreme risk- the installation of safety barriers around ABC Chemicals to minimise the risk of damage caused by motor vehicle accident, set up exclusion zone for storage of any chemicals. Consultation with the aged care facility and the surrounding Businesses regarding ABC’s emergency Plan in case of incident Risk Controls 1.Eliminate a hazard, removing the hazard totally, Eg repairing damaged equipment immediately. If this is not reasonably practicable the next step is to minimise the risks so far as is reasonably practicable by doing one or  more of the following: 2.Substituting (wholly or partly) the hazard creating the risk with something that has lesser risk, Eg instead of using a lead based product, use a non lead based one 3.Engineering controls/. Isolation- the hazard from any person exposed to it, with use of Barriers etc, lifting devices for manual handling 4. Administrative controls. Training, provide manuals regarding H&S in the workplace,redesigning the job task. If the risk is still present, the remaining risk must be minimised, so far as is reasonably practicable, 5.PPE. such as Gloves, Safety Goggles etc A combination of controls should be used if a single control is not sufficient for the purpose. PPE is a last resort because it protects the person against the hazard but it does not remove the hazard

Which Gender Influences Patterns And Processes Of...

This essay will discuss the ways in which gender influences patterns and processes of victimisation, identifying key victimological perspectives and typologies. It will consider key authors in the discipline and offer definitions of terms used. The essay will identify three issues which may impact on gendered victimisation before acknowledging the argument that radical victimology offers a more balanced approach to gendered victimisation than positivist or critical viewpoints. The Sage Dictionary of Criminology (2013) defines victimisation as â€Å"†¦a term originally used to designate an area of study concerned to address the relationship between the victim and offender.† It should be noted however that since the late 1970s, the term has†¦show more content†¦In response to this movement, more support services were established for victims and measures were provided allowing victims greater involvement in the criminal justice process through a variety of means. This increased the need for research into the effects of crime on victims and how best their needs can be met. Victimology draws together academics, activists, and policymakers from a variety of backgrounds and identifies three main victimological perspectives. Positivist victimology dates back to the emergence of victimology as a discipline in the 1940s. It looks to understand the process of victimisation and why people become victims of crime by examining the relationship between the victim and offender through an agency lens. Newburn (2013) identifies positivists such as Miers (1989) who see victimisation as being causal in nature and identify three key features: †¢ Identification of factors (individual or environmental) which produce patterns of victimisation. †¢ They focus mainly of interpersonal crimes of violence. †¢ The identification of victims who contribute to their own victimisation. Positivist victimology has made a fundamental contribution to the study of victimology by ensuring the development and refinement of quantitative victimisation. It emphasises the role of the state, criminal justice agencies and the voluntary sector in responding to the needs of victims of crime. It is however

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The Internet Is Closing Our Minds - 1233 Words

In the debate â€Å"When it comes to politics, the internet is closing our minds,† the side that argued for the motion is the side which best argued their ideas by providing consistency throughout the debate and successfully utilizing a number of techniques in order to win their argument. The side that was for the motion used clear and consistent arguments that were backed by data. They used examples in their argument that the audience could understand and relate to easily. The language and tone used in their argument matched that which was appropriate to the intended audience with timely and relatable examples that argued their points successfully. Siva Vaidhyanathan begins one of his arguments by first defining what the Internet is and isn t. He then takes his case global, stating that the user experiences and the data presented to a user in one country can differ greatly for a user in another country. â€Å"The alleged network of networks is, in 2012, Balkanized, nationali zed, compromised, anesthetized, supervised, circumcised and hypnotized. It s far from global, and it s getting less so every day† (Vaidhyanathan). He then goes on to give examples to back the descriptive words he had listed in his statement. Examples included government censorship and the different online platforms that users may use in different parts of the world compared to one another. 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Do You Think Adhd Is a Genuine Disorder or Just a Normal High Energy Free Essays

ADHD Brandy Fields Chapter 13: Do you think ADHD is a genuine disorder or just a normal high energy? Researchers say that ADHD is not caused by too much sugar or poor schools, but they have found that kids who watch a lot of TV when they are toddlers are more likely than average to display ADHD symptoms when they are 7. It often coexists with a learning disorder or with defiant and temper-prone behavior. The U. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Think Adhd Is a Genuine Disorder or Just a Normal High Energy or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. National Institute of Mental Health reports that ADHD is heritable and they are trying to find out which genes are the culprit. Critics said that in the decade after 1987, the proportion of American children being treated for ADHD nearly quadrupled. By 2005, a Gallup study showed that ten percent of American 13- to 17-year-olds were being medicated for ADHD. Some of its symptoms can include: always being energetic, chattering away, darting from one activity to another, rarely settling down to read a book or focus on a game, fidgety, reckless and reacts to small things. Doctors keep diagnosing kids with ADHD and then treat it with stimulants like Ritalin Adderall that aren’t supposed to be addictive. I personally think that ADHD is too often diagnosed as a psychiatric disorder when it’s usually just normally high spirited kids. I think it goes back to our parental skills and styles. When we leave our kid in front of the TV for it to babysit them for us, what do we expect? Kids are supposed to be full of energy and curious about the world. If we don’t let them run that energy off by doing constructive positive things, it will just build up and turn into hyperactivity and even aggressiveness. I think it is ridiculous that we have children and then are too busy to have time to raise them properly. Then we wonder why we have heathens running around. I believe if we raise our kids the right way (yes, it is difficult, no one said it would be easy), ADHD wouldn’t be as much of an issue as it is today. I also feel like drugging our children to fix our mistakes are completely 100 percent wrong. I think that medicines like those are a very bad choice for our children. Maybe in a few years or decades, we will see the damaging long-term effects that they have on our children more clearly, but by then it may be too late. I hope not. How to cite Do You Think Adhd Is a Genuine Disorder or Just a Normal High Energy, Papers

Indigenous Education and Perspective

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Education and Perspective. Answer: Introduction The past resonates in the present and will linger in the future. The histories of the Indigenous Australians are complex and pervasive. The Indigenous people sustained various wrongs in the various eras such as dispossession, segregation, and loss of power to control their own lives. This paper will focus on discussing the frontier war, protection, segregation and stolen children eras and ways in which Indigenous Australian people resisted the occupation of Australia and policies implemented on them. The Colonial Frontier Era Discussion The colonial frontier era was characterized by a series of wars between Indigenous Australians and British settlers which spanned for 146 years. The first conflict ensued some months after the advent of the First Fleet in January 1788, and the last fighting took place as late as 1934. The estimated fatalities in the clashes are at least 20, 000 Indigenous Australians and approximately 2500 Europeans. However, recent studies on frontier wars show that the Indigenous fatalities in Queensland may have been substantially higher. Indeed, while fighting took place in several locations across Australia, they were predominantly bloody in Queensland, due to its relatively larger pre-contact Indigenous inhabitants(Goodall Read, 1988). Far more annihilating in their effect on the Aboriginal populace, however, were illnesses, infertility, and food shortage due to hunting grounds. For instance, there are indications that Aboriginal tribes lost up to 50% of its populace to small pox epidemics. As a result of effects of the various factors, the tribe had limited ability to fight invasion and dispossession. (Tench, 1788). In 1770, Europeans embarked on their first voyage along the Australian east coast. The expedition was under the direction of then-Lieutenant James Cook. The British on their voyage up the east coast of Australia saw no signs of agriculture or other activities by its inhabitants. Under the European law such land was deemed belonging to nobody or terra nullius or land having no occupants. The British claimed the land on 23rd of August 1770 (Phillip, 1790). Resistance Conflicts between Indigenous Australians and Europeans were as a result of the fight over resources. Initially, the British occupied small amounts of land; however, they expanded their settlements disrupting Indigenous food-gathering activities. Due to of occupation land and destruction of food resources by the British the Indigenous Australians were faced with food shortage and starvation. The Aboriginal became inevitably hostile due to the competition of resources (Ryan, 2008). The first frontier conflict took place in 1795 due to the Europeans establishing farms along the Hawkesbury River. The local Darug populace invaded the farms to steal food. These raids led to Governor Macquarie to dispatch troops from the British army in 1816 to patrol the Hawkesbury valley. The conflict ended when 14 Indigenous Australians were killed when the British troops raided their campsites. War arose again when the Europeans expanded their settlements into inland New South Wales. The Wiradjuri warriors harassed the settler who crossed the Blue Mountains. The British retaliated by killing them. The conflicts led to Governor Brisbane to proclaim martial law. The law stipulated there would be no more slaughter of black women and children and unoffending of white men. In the 1830s, the British extended their settlements into inland eastern Australia resulting to widespread conflict. The war spread across the Liverpool plains, with up to 500 indigenous Australians and 16 British being killed between 1832 and 1838. The war on the plain resulted in several massacres of Indigenous Australians including Myall Creek and Waterloo massacres. Killings began again in 1834 with the spearing of Trooper Hugh Nesbit. The killing seemed odd to the Europeans since Nesbit had befriended the Indigenous people. With the Aboriginal structure of payback, building friendship bonds with the Aborigines made no difference. Tribal rule surpassed any relationships that may have been formed. The Aborigines system was one life for one life while the British embarked on incapacitating the adversaries. The conflicts continued into the 20th century and was driven by the Indigenous people desire to secure their land and reprisals against their tribal men deaths. Policies Implemented on Australian Indigenous People Protection In early twentieth century, the authorities deemed it necessary to protect the indigenous people as they faced the threat of extinction. The government made Indigenous people their wards in the name of protection and subjected them to various protection policies. Consequently, the state had the power to decide where indigenous people could reside, work and who they could marry. The government established reserves intended to shelter indigenous people against violence and disease. Often, indigenous people were forcibly relocated from their lands and made to live in the institutionalized environments. The reserves aimed at civilizing the indigenous people and subduing their traditions. However, in the process of civilization indigenous people lost their cultures and languages. Many indigenous people lost their legal claim to their traditional lands as a result of forcible removal(McGrath, 1995). The protection act established in 1869 set a pattern of laws including the removal of Aboriginal children from their parents. The regulation led to the emergence of the stolen generations. However, in early the 1880s the Protection Board became chronically short of capital. The protection act provided that at the age of 13 boys were to be sent to work in farms or apprenticed while girls were to work as house servants. Orphaned mixed- race children were relocated to institutions of abandoned children or the government division dealing with neglected children. All part-Aborigines aged 34 and below were to move from the missions with their families although the board still had control over them(Read, 2000). Subsequent protection regulations stretched the Boards power allowing it to send all mixed-race children, whether orphaned or not, to various children departments for their better care and protection. Families declining to approve were made to leave the reserves and denied rations(Aboriginal Islanders, 2003). Between 1886 and 1923 the number of stations had progressively reduced. Fewer Aboriginal people resided in the Boards stations. Those who were still in the missions lived a highly controlled life. Their residences were under scrutiny, and they could be banished for misconduct. Indigenous persons who had been expelled from the Boards stations or who voluntarily left faced persistent hostility in non-Indigenous society. The government did not offer welfare that was available to the non-Indigenous populace. The only form of assistance it provided to them was rations circulated by the police. Although the protection board reclaimed control over mixed-races, it denied help to anyone who was not living in reserve. In the face of these challenges, Indigenous people settled in shanty towns on the edges of country cities, in locations of former reserves and in areas that presented employment, such as seasonal fruit harvesting work(Dodson, 1997). Segregation Indigenous Australians, who had been in Australia for at least 40,000 years before the advent of European settlers in 1788, were dispossessed of their land by the British who claimed Eastern Australia as their own on the basis of terra nullius doctrine. The indigenous inhabitants were gradually forced into neighboring areas as a result of the European expanding their settlements. Most of the indigenous people were repositioned to missions and land reserves. These land reserves and missions were unsuitable for human occupation since they facilitated diseases to spread quickly and had to be closed and the residents relocated to other areas (Clarke Galligan, 1995). Resisting the Imposed Policies The Aborigines eventually became discontented with the poor conditions and started rumbling when they met at Skull Spring. The rumblings developed into a fully-fledged strike in 1946. The first phase of the strike was between May 1946 and August 1949. During this period, the authorities used illegal practices, pressure and intimidation against the Aborigines in an effort to dismantle their spirit and drive them back to the stations. In 1966, the Gurindji, Waripiri, Ngarinman, Bilinara and Mudbara Aboriginal groups walked off their stations resulting to a strike that lasted seven years. Initially, their actions were seen as strike against deplorable living and working conditions. However, it became apparent that they were also campaigning for the return of their land. In 1967, there was a referendum in which majority of Australians voted Yes to giving the government authority to make laws for the Indigenous people. In 1972, the Labor government suspended development leases that might destroy the land, called to a halt mining exploration licenses and offered a small piece of land at Wattie Creek as an first phase of giving back land to the Indigenous people. In 1975, the Aboriginal groups were given back a portion of their land following successful negotiations between the Labor government and Vesteys. Stolen Generations Discussion The stolen generations are Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal people who were separated from their families and communities when they were children. The children were taken away by various institutions including churches, welfare bodies, and governments. The separation took place in the period approximately between 1905 and 1969. Contemporaneous documents of 19th and early 20th century indicate that the removal of Aboriginal children from their mothers was associated to the supposition that the Aborigines were dying off. Given their colossal population decline during the frontier conflicts, Europeans assumed that the Aboriginal population was doomed to extinction due to its inability to sustain itself. The exercise was also motivated by the belief that full-blooded Aboriginal people resented the mixed-race children and thus they needed to be protected from neglect and abuse. Historians contend that substantial numbers of mixed-race children were brutally and forcibly taken from their mothers, probably even after being born, when recognized as mixed-blood babies. In some cases, families had to sign legal documents to relinquish the care of their children to the state. In Western Australia, the authorities adopted legislation that took away the legal custody of Aboriginal parents. Therefore, the government did not require parental approval to move the mixed-race children to institutions since all the children were legal wards of the state(McGregor, 2002). Resistance The Aborigines and Torres Strait Islander could not resist since the government established policies that made mixed-race children their wards.In most cases, the removed children were relocated to institutional facilities run by charitable and religious organizations. A substantial number, particularly females were fostered or adopted by white families. Children placed in such institutions were trained to be integrated into Anglo-Australian culture (Koolmatrie Williams, 2000). Rules included reprimand for speaking their native languages. The aim was to prevent their being socialized into Aboriginal cultures and instead educate them for a changed future. The program also aimed at protecting the children from abuse and neglect. However, reports show that a significant number sexual assault and other forms of abuse while in an institution, living with a foster family or at work. Conclusion The past is to a great extent part of the contemporary society, in the persistent devastation of the lives of Indigenous Australians. The devastation cannot be resolved unless the whole society is willing to commit itself to reconciliation and redress the dispossessions and other sustained by the Indigenous populace. Bibliography Aboriginal, A., Islanders, T. S. ( 2003). Indigenous by definition, experience, or world view. Bmj. 327, 403-4. Cassidy, J. ( 1989). A reappraisal of aboriginal policy in colonial Australia: Imperial and colonial instruments and legislation recognising the special rights and status of the Australian aboriginals. The Journal of Legal History, 10(3), 365-379. Clarke, T., Galligan, B. ( 1995). Aboriginal nativeand the institutional construction of the Australian citizen 190148'. Australian Historical Studies, 26(105), 523-543. Dodson, M. (1997). Bringing them home: Report of the national inquiry into the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families. Goodall, H., Read, P. (1988). Chapter 1: The First Cycle: 1813-1850. In A hundred years war: the Wiradjuri people and the state (pp. 1-28). Koolmatrie, J., Williams, R. ( 2000). Unresolved grief and the removal of Indigenous Australian children. Australian Psychologist,, 35(2), 158-166. McGrath, A. (1995). Chapter 2: New South Wales. In Contested Ground: Australian Aborigines under the British Crown (pp. 55-92). Allen Unwin Pty Ltd. McGregor, R. ( 2002). Breed out the colouror the importance of being white. Australian Historical Studies,, 33(120), 286-302. Phillip, A. (1790). The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay: With an Account of the Establishment of the Colonies of Port Jackson and Norfolk Island... To which are Added the Journals of Lieuts. Shortland, Watts, Ball, and Capt. Marshall. J. Stockdal. Read, P. (2000). Belonging: Australians, place and Aboriginal ownership. Cambridge University Press. Ryan, L. (2008). In Massacre in the Black War in Tasmania 1823-34: a case study of the Meander River Region,June 1827| NOVA (pp. 10(4), 479-499). The University of Newcastle's Digital Repository. Sexton, J. H. (1946). Bringing the Aborigines into Citizenship: How Western Australia is Dealing with the Matter . Adelaide: Aborigines Friends. Tench, W. (1788). Chapter VIII: From the Fleets Arrival at Botany Bay to the Evacuation of it; Natives, and taking Possession of Port Jackson. Interviews with the; Bay., and an Account of the Country about Botany. In A narrative of the expedition to Botany Bay.